Bricolaje
Regar las plantaciones de manera adecuada
El agua es indispensable para la vida de las plantas. Sin embargo, las lluvias son a menudo insuficientes y su caída no siempre coincide con las necesidades de la agricultura. Por tanto, es importante que se pueda proporcionar a las plantas el agua que necesitan en el momento preciso. El riego por irrigación se ha efectuado siempre; ahora se emplea también el riego por aspersión. Es evidente que para poder regar hay que disponer de abundantes reservas de agua. Estas reservas pueden ser naturales y proceder de los ríos o de capas subterráneas, pero también pueden ser artificiales, como en el caso de los inmensos pantanos creados en los valles con motivo de la construcción de una gran presa.
El agua de la irrigación suele correr al aire libre desde un punto elevado hacia otro más bajo. Basta con captar el agua de un río o de un depósito, aguas arriba de la zona que debe ser regada, y repartirla mediante una red de canales, cada vez más estrechos, hasta las parcelas donde, discurriendo por los surcos, llega hasta el pie de cada planta. EI Tennessee, en Estados Unidos, el Nilo, en Egipto, o el Ródano, en Francia, fertilizan sus valles de esta forma. Cada vez es más practicado el riego por aspersión: el agua, distribuida a una presión constante de dos a cinco kilos por centímetro cuadrado, puede llegar hasta los lugares más retirados y superar todo tipo de obstáculos, incluso si están más elevados, gracias a una red de canalizaciones de fácil colocación y mantenimiento. Los aparatos de aspersión son ruedas, o mejor «cañones», que distan entre sí una veintena de metros y que proyectan el agua hasta aproximadamente diez metros de altura, desde donde cae en forma de fina lluvia. Un contador controla y regula el caudal. En algunos países el riego racional ha permitido multiplicar por dos la producción de maíz, sin excesivos gastos.
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